Most Native American Rock Art Is Found in What Region of the United States

Non to exist dislocated with Art rock.

Human-made markings on natural stone

Petroglyph attributed to Classic Vernal Style, Fremont archaeological civilisation, eastern Utah, United States

Reclining Buddha at Gal Vihara, Sri Lanka where the remains of the image house that originally enclosed is visible

In archeology, rock art is human-fabricated markings placed on natural surfaces, typically vertical stone surfaces. A high proportion of surviving historic and prehistoric stone art is establish in caves or partly enclosed rock shelters; this type also may be chosen cave fine art or parietal art. A global miracle, rock art is found in many culturally various regions of the world. It has been produced in many contexts throughout human history. In terms of technique, the main groups are: petroglyphs, which are carved or scratched into the rock surface, cave paintings, and sculpted rock reliefs. Another technique creates geoglyphs that are formed on the ground. The oldest known rock fine art dates from the Upper Palaeolithic period, having been found in Europe, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Anthropologists studying these artworks believe that they likely had magico-religious significance.

The archaeological sub-discipline of rock art studies starting time developed in the late-19th century among Francophone scholars studying the rock fine art of the Upper Palaeolithic found in the cave systems of parts of Western Europe. Rock fine art continues to be of importance to indigenous peoples in various parts of the world, who view them as both sacred items and significant components of their cultural heritage.^[one] Such archaeological sites may become significant sources of cultural tourism and have been used in popular culture for their aesthetic qualities.^[2]

Etymology [edit]

The term stone art appears in the published literature equally early on as the 1940s.^{[iii] [4]} It has also been described as "rock carvings",^[five] "rock drawings",^[six] "rock engravings",^[seven] "rock inscriptions",^[eight] "rock paintings",^[9] "stone pictures",^[ten] "rock records",^[11] and "stone sculptures.^{[12] [thirteen]}

Background [edit]

Parietal fine art is a term for art in caves, the definition unremarkably extended to art in rock shelters under cliff overhangs. Popularly, it is called "cave art", and is a subset of the wider term, rock art. Information technology is mostly on rock walls, simply may be on ceilings and floors. A wide variety of techniques have been used in its creation. The term unremarkably is practical only to prehistoric art, but it may be used for art of any appointment.^[fourteen] Sheltered parietal fine art has had a far better adventure of surviving for very long periods, and what now survives may stand for only a very small proportion of what was created.^[15]

Both parietal and cavern fine art refer to cave paintings, drawings, etchings, carvings, and pecked artwork on the interior of caves and rock shelters. Mostly, these either are engraved (substantially meaning scratched) or painted, or, they are created using a combination of the two techniques.^[sixteen] Parietal fine art is plant very widely throughout the world, and in many places new examples are being discovered.

The defining characteristic of rock art is that it is placed on natural rock surfaces; in this mode it is singled-out from artworks placed on constructed walls or gratis-standing sculpture.^[17] As such, rock art is a class of landscape fine art, and includes designs that accept been placed on boulder and cliff faces, cave walls, and ceilings, and on the ground surface.^[17] Stone art is a global phenomenon, existence found in many different regions of the world.^[1] There are diverse forms of stone art. Some archaeologists also consider pits and grooves in the rock known as cupules, or cups or rings, as a course of rock art.^[17]

Although there are exceptions, the majority of rock art whose creation was recorded by ethnographers had been produced during rituals.^[17] Equally such, the study of rock art is a component of the archaeology of religion.^[xviii]

Rock art serves multiple purposes in the gimmicky world. In several regions, it remains spiritually of import to indigenous peoples, who view it as a significant component of their cultural heritage.^[1] It also serves as an important source of cultural tourism, and hence as economical acquirement in certain parts of the world. As such, images taken from cavern fine art have appeared on memorabilia and other artefacts sold as a part of the tourist manufacture.^[2]

Types [edit]

Paintings [edit]

In nearly climates, only paintings in sheltered site, in particular caves, have survived for whatever length of fourth dimension. Therefore, these are usually called "cave paintings", although many do survive in "rock-shelters" or cliff-faces under an overhang. In prehistoric times these were oftentimes popular places for diverse human purposes, providing some shelter from the weather condition, every bit well as light. There may take been many more paintings in more than exposed sites, that are now lost. Pictographs are paintings or drawings that have been placed onto the stone confront. Such artworks accept typically been made with mineral earths and other natural compounds found across much of the globe. The predominantly used colours are crimson, black and white. Cherry pigment is commonly attained through the use of ground ochre, while black paint is typically equanimous of charcoal, or sometimes from minerals such as manganese. White paint is usually created from natural chalk, kaolinite clay or diatomaceous earth.^[19] In one case the pigments had been obtained, they would exist ground and mixed with a liquid, such every bit h2o, blood, urine, or egg yolk, and then practical to the stone every bit pigment using a castor, fingers, or a stamp. Alternately, the pigment could have been applied on dry, such as with a stick of charcoal.^[20] In some societies, the paint itself has symbolic and religious meaning; for instance, among hunter-gatherer groups in California, paint was simply allowed to be traded by the group shamans, while in other parts of North America, the word for "pigment" was the same equally the word for "supernatural spirit".^[21]

One common class of pictograph, constitute in many, although not all rock-art producing cultures, is the hand impress. There are 3 forms of this; the beginning involves covering the manus in wet paint and then applying it to the rock. The second involves a design being painted onto the manus, which is and so in plow added to the surface. The third involves the hand first existence placed against the panel, with dry paint and then being diddled onto it through a tube, in a process that is akin to air-castor or spray-painting. The resulting image is a negative print of the hand, and is sometimes described as a "stencil" in Australian archæology.^[22] Miniature stencilled art has been found at 2 locations in Australia and one in Indonesia.

Petroglyphs [edit]

Bidzar Petroglyphs in Republic of cameroon

Petroglyphs are engravings or carvings into rock which is left in situ. They tin can be created with a range of scratching, engraving or carving techniques, often with the use of a hard hammerstone, which is dilapidated against the rock surface. In certain societies, the option of hammerstone itself has religious significance.^[23] In other instances, the rock art is pecked out through indirect percussion, as a second stone is used similar a chisel between the hammerstone and the panel.^[23] A tertiary, rarer form of engraving rock fine art was through incision, or scratching, into the surface of the stone with a lithic scrap or metal blade. The motifs produced using this technique are fine-lined and ofttimes difficult to see.^[24]

Rock reliefs [edit]

Normally found in literate cultures, a rock relief or rock-cut relief is a relief sculpture carved on solid or "living rock" such as a cliff, rather than a detached piece of stone. They are a category of rock fine art, and sometimes constitute in conjunction with rock-cut architecture.^[25] Yet, they tend to exist omitted in nearly works on stone art, which concentrate on engravings and paintings past prehistoric peoples. A few such works exploit the natural contours of the rock and use them to define an epitome, but they practice not amount to human-made reliefs. Rock reliefs take been fabricated in many cultures, and were particularly of import in the art of the Ancient Virtually East.^[26] Stone reliefs are generally fairly large, as they need to be to make an impact in the open up air. Most take figures that are over life-size, and in many the figures are multiples of life-size.

Stylistically they normally relate to other types of sculpture from the culture and period concerned, and except for Hittite and Persian examples they are generally discussed as part of that wider bailiwick.^[27] The vertical relief is most common, only reliefs on essentially horizontal surfaces are also found. The term typically excludes relief carvings within caves, whether natural or themselves man-made, which are peculiarly institute in India. Natural stone formations made into statues or other sculpture in the round, nearly famously at the Keen Sphinx of Giza, are as well commonly excluded. Reliefs on large boulders left in their natural location, similar the Hittite İmamkullu relief, are likely to be included, but smaller boulders may exist called stelae or carved orthostats.

Globe figures [edit]

Earth figures are large designs and motifs that are created on the stone ground surface. They tin can be classified through their method of manufacture.^[28] Intaglios are created by scraping abroad the desert pavements (pebbles covering the ground) to reveal a negative prototype on the bedrock below. The all-time known example of such intaglio rock art is the Nazca Lines of Peru.^[28] In dissimilarity, geoglyphs are positive images, which are created by piling upward rocks on the footing surface to resulting in a visible motif or pattern.^[28]

Motifs and panels [edit]

Traditionally, private markings are called motifs and groups of motifs are known as panels. Sequences of panels are treated as archaeological sites. This method of classifying rock art even so has become less pop every bit the structure imposed is unlikely to have had any relevance to the art's creators. Even the word 'fine art' carries with information technology many mod prejudices almost the purpose of the features.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Rock art can be found across a wide geographical and temporal spread of cultures possibly to mark territory, to record historical events or stories or to help enact rituals. Some art seems to draw real events whilst many other examples are apparently entirely abstruse.^{[ citation needed ]}

Prehistoric rock depictions were not purely descriptive. Each motif and design had a "deep significance" that is not always understandable to modernistic scholars.^[29]

Estimation and use [edit]

Religious interpretations [edit]

In many instances, the creation of stone art was itself a ritual act.^[24]

Regional variations [edit]

Europe [edit]

In the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe, rock art was produced inside cave systems by the hunter-gatherer peoples who inhabited the continent. The oldest known case is the Chauvet Cave in France, although others have been located, including Lascaux in France, Alta Mira in Spain and Creswell Crags in Uk and Grotta del Genovese in Sicily.

Balma dei Cervi post-palaeolithic rock paintings (Italian western Alps): antropomorphic figures and dottings (DStretch enhanced)

The late prehistoric rock art of Europe has been divided into iii regions by archaeologists. In Atlantic Europe, the littoral seaboard on the west of the continent, which stretches from Iberia up through France and encompasses the British Isles, a diverseness of unlike rock arts were produced from the Neolithic through to the Belatedly Bronze Age. A 2nd area of the continent to contain a meaning stone art tradition was that of Tall Europe, with the majority of artworks being clustered in the southern slopes of the mountainous region, in what is now due south-eastern France and northern Italian republic.

• Finnish Rock Art
• Knowth
• Loughcrew
• Newgrange
• Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles
• Rock Drawings in Valcamonica (World Heritage Site)
• Balma dei Cervi at Crodo (Piedmont - Italian Alps)
• Grotta dei Cervi at Porto Badisco (Apulia - Italy)
• Grotta del Genovese (Sicily)
• List of rock carvings in Norway
  • Stone carvings at Alta (World Heritage Site)
• Madara Passenger (Globe Heritage Site)
• Côa Valley Paleolithic Fine art (Globe Heritage Site)
• Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cavern Art of Northern Espana (Earth Heritage Site)
• Stone art of the Iberian Mediterranean Bowl (World Heritage Site)
• Tanum (World Heritage Site)
• Tanums hällristningsmuseum [sv],^[30] Stone Art Research Centre and Globe Heritage Archive, situated in Tanum, Sweden.

Africa [edit]

Long-horned cattle and other rock fine art in the Laas Geel complex

North Africa [edit]

• South Oran in Algeria.
• Saharan rock fine art
• Tadrart Acacus in Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya – World Heritage Site.
• Tassili n'Ajjer in Algeria – national park and World Heritage Site, known for its x,000-year-old paintings.
• Cave of Swimmers is a cave in southwest Egypt, near the border with Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya, forth the western edge of the Gilf Kebir plateau in the central Libyan Desert (Eastern Sahara). Information technology was discovered in October 1933 by the Hungarian explorer László Almásy. The site contains rock paintings of homo figures who announced to be pond, which accept been estimated to have been created at least half-dozen,000 to 7000 years agone. The Cavern of Beasts 10 km westwards was discovered in 2002.
• Jebel Uweinat, a large granite and sandstone mountain, equally well as the adjacent smaller massifs of Jebel Arkenu and Jebel Kissu at the converging triple borders of Libya, Egypt and Sudan, harbors one of the richest concentrations of prehistoric rock fine art in the entire Sahara. The stone art here mainly consists of the Neolithic cattle pastoralist cultures, merely likewise a number of older paintings from hunter-gatherer societies.
• Sabu-Jaddi stone art site in Northern Sudan.
• North Sİnai Archaeological Sites Zone − World Heritage Site.^[31] Limestone cave decorated with scenes of animals such as donkeys, camels, deer, mule and mountain goats was uncovered in the site in 2020. Rock fine art cave is 15 meters deep and 20 meters loftier.^[32]
• Wadi Abu Dom

Western Africa [edit]

• Boucle du Baoulé National Park
• Dabous Giraffes

East Africa [edit]

Stone art in the Adi Alauti cave, Eritrea

• Qohaito in Eritrea – seven,000 years old rock art near the ancient metropolis Qohaito.
• Dorra and Balho in Djibouti – Rock art sites with figures of what announced to be antelopes and a giraffe.
• Kundudo in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia – Flat top mount complex with rock art in a cave.
• Laas Geel in Somalia – A number of cavern paintings and petroglyphs can exist constitute at various sites across the country. Amongst the nigh prominent examples of this is the rock art in Laas Geel, Dhambalin, Gaanlibah and Karinhegane.
• Nyero Rockpaintings, Uganda-World Heritage Site, pre-historic paintings was noticed before 1250 AD^[33]
• Swaga Swaga Game Reserve in Tanzania – Archaeologists announced the discovery of aboriginal stone fine art with anthropomorphic figures in a proficient condition at the Amak'hee 4 rockshelter site. Paintings made with a ruby dye also contained buffalo heads, giraffe's head and neck, domesticated cattle dated dorsum to about several hundred years agone.^{[34] [35]}
• Bahi rock paintings
• Chabbé
• Dhaymoole
• Handoga
• Kondoa Rock-Art Sites
• Mfangano Island
• Rock art of Uganda

Southern Africa [edit]

Cavern paintings are found in most parts of Southern Africa that take rock overhangs with smooth surfaces. Among these sites are the cave sandstone of Natal, Orange Gratuitous State and Due north-Eastern Cape, the granite and Waterberg sandstone of the Northern Transvaal, and the Table Mountain sandstone of the Southern and Western Cape.^[36]

• UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park in South Africa – The site has paintings dated to effectually 3,000 years onetime and which are thought to have been drawn by the San people and Khoisan people, who settled in the surface area some viii,000 years ago. The stone art depicts animals and humans and is idea to represent religious beliefs.
• Tsodilo Hills in Republic of botswana – A World Heritage Site with rock art
• Brandberg Mountain (Daureb) in Namibia – Information technology is i of the most important stone fine art localities on the African continent. Almost visitors but see "The White Lady" shelter (which is neither white, nor a lady, the famous scene probably depicts a young boy in an initiation ceremony), however the upper reaches of the mountain is total of sites with prehistoric paintings, some of which rank amidst the finest creative achievements of prehistory.
• Bambata Cave, Zimbabwe- Animal paintings and human drawings are supposed to exist age from 2.000 to 20.000 years old^{[37] [38] [39]}
• Mwela and Adjacent Areas Rock Art Site, Zambia
• Chongoni Stone Art Area
• Driekops Eiland
• Modderpoort Sacred Sites
• Nooitgedacht Glacial Pavements
• Nyambwezi Falls
• San stone fine art
• Twyfelfontein
• Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre

The Americas [edit]

The oldest reliably dated rock art in the Americas is known every bit the "Horny Lilliputian Man." It is petroglyph depicting a stick figure with an oversized phallus and carved in Lapa do Santo, a cave in central-eastern Brazil.^[twoscore] The most important site is Serra da Capivara National Park at Piauí land. Information technology is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with the largest collection in the American continent and one of the most studied.

A site including 8 miles of paintings or pictographs that is under report in Colombia, South America at Serranía de la Lindosa was revealed in Nov 2020.^[41] Their age is suggested as existence 12,500 years one-time (c. 10,480 B.C.) by the anthropologists working on the site because of extinct animal depicted.

Rock paintings or pictographs are located in many areas beyond Canada. There are over 400 sites attributed to the Ojibway from northern Saskatchewan to the Ottawa River.^[42]

• Pomier Caves, Dominican Republic
• Naj Tunich, Guatemala
• Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco, Baja California, Mexico
• Sierra de Guadalupe cave paintings, Baja California, Mexico
• Pictograph Cave Complex, Billings, Montana, U.s.a.
• Cañon Pintado, Colorado, United States
• Chaco Civilization National Historical Park, New United mexican states, U.s.
• Chumash stone art, California, U.s.a.
• Coso Rock Art Commune, California, United States
• Nine Mile Coulee, Utah, Usa
• Quail stone art panel, Utah, United States
• Painted Rocks, Arizona, U.s.
• Petroglyph National Monument, New Mexico, United states
• Serra da Capivara National Park, Piauí, Brazil
• Vale do Catimbau National Park, Pernambuco, Brazil.
• Localidad Rupestre de Chamangá, Uruguay
• Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada
• Cueva de las Manos, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
• Huerfano Butte, Arizona, United States
• Petroglyphs Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada
• Serranía La Lindosa, Guaviare Section, Colombia^{[43] [41]}

Asia [edit]

Petroglyphs in Gobustan, Azerbaijan, dating dorsum to 10,000 BC.

Rock art in Balichakra about Yadgir town in Karnataka, Bharat

Central Asia [edit]

• Gobustan National Park in Azerbaijan
• Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen, Kazakhstan
• Siypantosh Rock Paintings in Uzbekistan
• Zarautsoy Rock Paintings in Uzbekistan

East Asia [edit]

• Bangudae Petroglyphs, in Republic of korea
• Cheonjeon-ri in South korea^[44]
• Daegok-ri in Southward Korea^[44]
• Fugoppe Cave petroglyphs on Hokkaido, Japan^[44]
• Helankou in Yinchuan, China^[44]
• Kangjia shimenzi in Xinjiang, People's republic of china^[44]
• Oponoho (Wanshan) petroglpyhs in Taiwan^[44]
• Temiya Cave on Hokkaido, Japan^[44]
• Yinshan petroglyphs in the Yin Mountains, China
• Zuo River Huashan stone art in Guangxi, People's republic of china^[44]
• Above 4000 meters above sea level high Tibetan plateau: possibly the oldest rock fine art, likely dating dorsum to ∼169–226,000 years ago, much older than what was previously thought to be the earliest known cartoon, made ~73,000^[45] years agone. Co-ordinate to the study, children probable intentionally placed a series of easily and feet in mud. The findings could also be the earliest evidence of Hominins on the high Tibetan plateau.^{[46] [47] [48]}

Southeast Asia [edit]

• Angono Petroglyphs, the Philippines
• Bir Hima Rock Petroglyphs and Inscriptions
• Pettakere cavern, South Sulawesi, Indonesia – manus print paintings
• Pha Taem in Thailand
• Tambun rock art, Malaysia

S Asia [edit]

• Bhimbetka rock shelters (World Heritage Site), Madhya Pradesh, India with rock art ranging from the Mesolithic (c.eight,000 BC) to historical times^{[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]}
• Edakkal Caves, Kerala Republic of india
• Gavali, Udupi
• Hire Benakal, Karnataka
• Balichakra, Yadgir town in Karnataka, India
• Rock paintings of Tamil Nadu, in India (several sites)^[55]
• Kaimur district, Bihar, Bharat (several sites)
• Rock paintings of Andhra Pradesh, in India (several sites)^[55]
• Sonda, Karnataka

Southwest asia [edit]

• Rock Art in the Ha'il Region in Saudi arabia
• Iranian rock art sites are mostly found in the Zagros Mountain range. Merely there are many other sites in Central Iran, Sistan and Baluchistan, and Azarbaijan. Most of these rock arts appointment back to the late prehistory and historic period. Amid which the well-known sites of Houmian at Kuhdasht,^[56] Khomein, and Teimareh^[57] in Primal Iran are outstanding.
• Large carvings of camels that were discovered in 2018 in Saudi Arabia are estimated to be seven,000 to eight,000 years old.^[58] This Neolithic dating would make the carvings significantly older than Stonehenge (v,000 years old) and the Egyptian pyramids at Giza (4,500 years old).

Australasia [edit]

Australia [edit]

Australian Indigenous art represents the oldest unbroken tradition of art in the earth. There are more than 100,000 recorded rock art sites in Australia.^[59]

The oldest firmly dated rock-art painting in Australia is a charcoal cartoon on a rock fragment found during the earthworks of the Nawarla Gabarnmang rock shelter in southward western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory. Dated at 28,000 years, it is ane of the oldest known pieces of rock art on World with a confirmed appointment. Nawarla Gabarnmang is considered^{[ by whom? ]} to have i of the most extensive collections of stone art in the world and predates both Lascaux and Chauvet cave art - the earliest known art in Europe - by at least 10,000 years.^{[60] [61]}

In 2008 rock art depicting what is thought to exist a Thylacoleo was discovered^{[ past whom? ]} on the north-western coast of the Kimberley.^[62] As the Thylacoleo is believed to have become extinct 45000–46000 years ago (Roberts et al. 2001) (Gillespie 2004), this suggests a like age for the associated Gwion Gwion rock paintings. Archaeologist Kim Akerman however believes that the megafauna may accept persisted later in refugia (wetter areas of the continent) as suggested past Wells (1985: 228) and has suggested a much younger age for the paintings.^[62] Pigments from the Gwion Gwion of the Kimberley are so old they take become part of the rock itself, making carbon dating impossible. Some experts suggest that these paintings are in the vicinity of 50,000 years old and may even pre-appointment Ancient settlement.^{[63] [64]}

Miniature rock art of the stencilled variety at a stone shelter known as Yilbilinji, in the Limmen National Park in the Northern Territory, is 1 of only three known examples of such fine art. Usually stencilled art is life-size, using body parts as the stencil, but the 17 images of designs of homo figures, boomerangs, animals such equally crabs and long-necked turtles, wavy lines and geometric shapes are very rare. Found in 2017 by archaeologists, the only other recorded examples are at Nielson's Creek in New Southward Wales and at Kisar Island in Indonesia. It is thought that the designs may have been created past stencils fashioned out of beeswax.^{[65] [66] [67]}

• Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory has a big collection of ochre paintings. Ochre is a not an organic material, so carbon dating of these pictures is incommunicable. Sometimes the gauge engagement, or at least an epoch, can be guessed from the content.
• The Sydney region has of import stone engravings.
• Mountain Grenfell Historic Site nearly Cobar, western New South Wales has important aboriginal rock-drawings.
• The Murujuga (Burrup Peninsula) area of Western Australia near Karratha is estimated^{[ by whom? ]} to exist dwelling to betwixt 500,000 and 1 million private engravings.
• Kimberley region of Western Australia. Apprentice archaeologist Grahame Walsh, who researched Gwion Gwion rock paintings in the region from 1977 until his death in 2007, produced a photographic database of 1.v 1000000 Gwion Gwion rock paintings.^[68] Many of the Gwion rock paintings maintain vivid colours because they have been colonised by bacteria and fungi, such as the black fungus, Chaetothyriales. The pigments originally practical may have initiated an ongoing, symbiotic relationship between black fungi and red bacteria.^[69]
• The Grampians-Gariwerd region is Victoria is one of the richest Ancient rock art sites in south-eastern Australia.^[lxx] Some of the more well-known and easily attainable sites are the Ngamadjidj Shelter (Cavern of Ghosts), Gulgurn Manja (Flat Rock), Billimina (Glenisla Shelter) and Manja (Cave of Hands);^[71] one of the nigh significant sites in south-eastern Australia is Bunjil's Shelter, most Stawell,^[72] which is the merely known rock art depiction of Bunjil, the creator-being in Aboriginal Australian mythology.^[73]
• The Maliwawa Figures in Arnhem State, a serial of 571 paintings and a drawing, created between 6,000 and 9,400 years ago, show a style nor recognised by researchers in the field before new enquiry was done in 2016–2018 and published in September 2020 by Paul Taçon and his squad.^{[74] [75]}
• The Turramurra site in western Queensland is opening in 2020. Cliffs on the belongings, for some fourth dimension known as Grace Vale Station, are covered with ancient stone art, including paintings and etchings of megafauna, emu symbols and the traditional songline of the Seven Sisters. Planning for an educational center created from local rock is under fashion.^[76]

New Zealand [edit]

In New Zealand, Northward Otago and Due south Canterbury take a rich range of early Māori rock art.^[77]

• The Takiroa Rock Art Shelter near Duntroon contains Māori artwork fabricated from ochre and charcoal.^[78]

Studies [edit]

The archaeological sub-subject devoted to the investigation of rock art is known equally "stone art studies." Rock art specialist David Due south. Whitley noted that research in this area required an "integrated attempt" that brings together archaeological theory, method, fieldwork, analytical techniques and interpretation.^[79]

History [edit]

Although French archaeologists had undertaken much research into rock art, Anglophone archeology had largely neglected the subject for decades.^[80]

The field of study of rock fine art studies witnessed what Whitley chosen a "revolution" during the 1980s and 1990s, as increasing numbers of archaeologists in the Anglophone earth and Latin America turned their attention to the subject.^[81] In doing so, they recognised that rock art could be used to sympathise symbolic and religious systems, gender relations, cultural boundaries, cultural change and the origins of art and belief.^[1] 1 of the most significant figures in this motility was the S African archaeologist David Lewis-Williams, who published his studies of San rock art from southern Africa, in which he combined ethnographic information to reveal the original purpose of the artworks. Lewis-Williams would come to be praised for elevating rock art studies to a "theoretically sophisticated research domain" by Whitley.^[82] However, the written report of rock art worldwide is marked past considerable differences of stance with respect to the appropriateness of various methods and the well-nigh relevant and defensible theoretical framework.

International databases and archives [edit]

The UNESCO Earth Rock Art Archive Working Group met in 2011 to discuss the base model for a Earth Rock Fine art Archive.^[83] While no official output has been generated to date various projects around the world, such equally for example The Global Rock Art Database,^{[84] [85]} are looking at making rock art heritage information more than accessible and more than visible to assist with rock fine art awareness, conservation and preservation issues.

See too [edit]

• List of Rock Age fine art
• The Kindness Stone Project

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Whitley 2005, p. one.
2. ^ ^{a b} Whitley 2005, pp. i–ii.
3. ^ E. Goodall, Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesian Scientific Association 41:57-62, 1946: "Domestic Animals in rock art"
4. ^ Eastward. Goodall, Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesian Scientific Association 42:69-74, 1949: "Notes on certain human representations in Rhodesian stone art"
5. ^ H. M. Chadwick, Origin Eng. Nation xii. 306, 1907: "The rock-carvings at Tegneby"
6. ^ H. A. Winkler, Rock-Drawings of Southern Upper Arab republic of egypt I. 26, 1938: "The discovery of rock-drawings showing boats of a type foreign to Egypt."
7. ^ H. Thou. Wells, Outl. Hist. I. xvii. 126/1, 1920: From rock engravings nosotros may deduce the theory that the desert was crossed from oasis to haven.
8. ^ Deutsch, Rem. 177, 1874: "The long rock-inscription of Hamamât."
9. ^ Encycl. Relig. & Ideals I. 822/2, 1908: "The rock-paintings are either stenciled or painted in outline."
10. ^ Human No. 119. 178/2, 1939: "On one of the stalactite pillars was establish a big round stone with traces of scarlet paint on its surface, as used in the rock-pictures"
11. ^ G. Moore, The Lost Tribes and the Saxons of the East, 1861, Title folio: "with translations of Rock-Records in India."
12. ^ Tylor, Early on Hist. Man. v. 88, 1865, "and bush art or bushmen art."
13. ^ Trust For African Rock Fine art, Eastward Africa, common terminology, "Rock-sculptures may oftentimes be symbolic boundary marks."
14. ^ Bahn, 99-101
15. ^ Bahn, 101
16. ^ Bahn, 101-105
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Whitley 2005, p. three.
18. ^ Whitley 2005. pp. 3–4.
19. ^ Whitley 2005, p. four.
20. ^ Whitley 2005, pp. 4–5.
21. ^ Whitley 2005, p. 9.
22. ^ Whitley 2005, pp. 7–9.
23. ^ ^{a b} Whitley 2005, p. 11.
24. ^ ^{a b} Whitley 2005, p. 13.
25. ^ Harmanşah (2014), 5–vi
26. ^ Harmanşah (2014), 5–vi; Canepa, 53
27. ^ for case by Rawson and Sickman & Soper
28. ^ ^{a b c} Whitley 2005, p. 14.
29. ^ Arca 2004, p. 319.
30. ^ "Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art". www.rockartscandinavia.se. Archived from the original on 2013-10-25. Retrieved 2022-03-01 .
31. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "North Sinai archaeological Sites Zone". UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2020-09-09 .
32. ^ "Ancient cave with distinguished engravings depicting scenes of animals discovered in Sinai - Ancient Egypt - Heritage". Ahram Online . Retrieved 2020-09-09 .
33. ^ "NYERO & OTHER Stone ARTSITES IN EASTERN UGANDA" (PDF).
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References [edit]

• Arca, Andrea (2004). "The topographical engravings of Alpine rock-fine art: fields, settlements and agricultural landscapes". The Figured Landscapes of Rock-Art. Cambridge University Press. pp. 318–349.
• Bahn, Paul (ed), The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art, 1998, Cambridge Academy Printing, ISBN 0521454735, 9780521454735, google books
• Devlet, Ekaterina (2001). "Stone Art and the Material Culture of Siberian and Fundamental Asian Shamanism" (PDF). The Archeology of Shamanism. pp. 43–54. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
• Harmanşah, Ömür (ed) (2014), Of Rocks and Water: An Archaeology of Place, 2014, Oxbow Books, ISBN 1782976744, 9781782976745
• Haubt, R.A.; Tacon, P.S.C. (October 22, 2016). "A collaborative, ontological and information visualization model approach in a centralized rock art heritage platform". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. ten: 837–846. doi:x.1016/j.jasrep.2016.10.013.
• Rawson, Jessica (ed). The British Museum Book of Chinese Art, 2007 (2d edn), British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714124469
• Schaafsma, Polly, 1980, Indian Rock Art of the Southwest, School of American Research, Santa Fe, University of New United mexican states Press, Albuquerque NM, ISBN 0-8263-0913-5. Scholarly text with 349 references, 32 color plates, 283 black and white "figures", xi maps, and 2 tables.
• Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman Fifty., & Soper A., The Art and Architecture of China, Pelican History of Fine art, tertiary ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675
• UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2011). "Earth Stone Art Archives to see in Tanum". Retrieved May 1, 2011.
• Whitley, David S. (2005). Introduction to Rock Art Enquiry. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. ISBN978-1598740004.

Further reading [edit]

• David, Bruno, Cavern Art, 2017, Thames and Hudson, ISBN 9780500204351
• Malotki, Ekkehart and Weaver, Donald Due east. Jr., 2002, Rock Chisel and Yucca Castor: Colorado Plateau Rock Art, Kiva Publishing Inc., Walnut, California, ISBN 1-885772-27-0 (material). For the "full general public"; this volume has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken; the organization begins with the primeval fine art and goes to modernistic times.
• B. B. Lal (1968). Indian Rock Paintings: Their Chronology, Technique and Preservation.
• Rohn, Arthur H. and Ferguson, William Chiliad, 2006, Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque NM, ISBN 0-8263-3970-0 (pbk, : alk. paper). Adjunct to the main discussion of the ruins, contains color prints of rock art at the sites, plus interpretations.
• Zboray, András, 2005, Rock Fine art of the Libyan Desert, Fliegel Jezerniczky, Newbury, United Kingdom (1st Edition 2005, 2nd expanded edition 2009). An illustrated catalogue and bibliography of all known prehistoric rock art sites in the primal Libyan Desert (Arkenu, Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir plateau). The 2d edition contains more that 20000 photographs documenting the sites. Published on DVD-ROM.

External links [edit]

• IFRAO International Federation of Rock Art Organizations, comprising 60 bookish stone art organizations of the earth. Some of these are:
• ARARA American Stone Fine art Research Association.
• ANISA Anisa, Verein für Alpine Forschung.
• Aura Australian Stone Art Inquiry Association, Inc.
• CARA Cavern Art Research Clan.
• IC Institutum Canarium.
• CeSMAP Centro Studi e Museo d'Arte Preistorica.
• CCSP Centro Camuno do Studi Preistorici.
• SCAO Società Cooperativa Archeologica Le Orme dell'Uomo.
• AARS Association des Amis de fifty'art Rupestre Saharien.
• SIARB Bolivian Rock Art Research Society.
• ANAR Archivo Nacional de Arte Rupestre (Venezuela).
• APAR Asociación Peruana de Arte Rupestre.
• AAV Asociación Arqueológica Viguesa.
• AEARC Asociación de Estudios del Arte Rupestre de Cochabamba.
• ABAR Associação Brasileira de Arte Rupestre.
• ASER Association de Sauvegarde, d'Etude et de Recherche pour le patrimoine naturel et culturel du Heart-Var.
• ESRARA Eastern States Rock Art Research Association.
• GERSAR Groupe d'Études, de Recherches et de Sauvegarde de l'Art Rupestre.
• GCIAR Grupo Cubano de Investigaciones de Arte Rupestre.
• INAAK Instituto de Investigación de Arqueología y Antropología 'Kuelap'.
• NMMZ National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe.
• NRAF Nevada Rock Art Foundation.
• NCRAT Northern Greatcoat Stone Art Trust.
• SDRAA San Diego Rock Art Association.
• TARA The Trust for African Rock Art.

• Bradshaw Foundation All-encompassing archive on rock art from all around the world.
• Altarockart.no A digital archive of the Stone Art of Alta, Norway
• Global Rock Fine art Database (RADB) rockartdatabase, Global Rock Art Database (RADB) search tool for international rock art athenaeum
• Maira Valley, Piedmont, Italy Rock Fine art in Maira Valley, Piedmont, Italy
• Chauvet Cave Database of European Prehistoric Art
• England'due south Stone Art on the Web Access to the ERA database containing over 1500 records of rock art panels with images and 3D models.
• Tassili N'Ajjer, Stone Fine art of the central Tassili N'Ajjer (Tamrit, Sefar, Tin can Tazarift, Jabbaren)
• Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir, Rock Art of Jebel Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir plateau ("Cave of Swimmers")
• Upper Brandberg, The rock paintings of the Upper Brandberg, Namibia
• Libyan Desert, Rock Art of the Libyan Desert, and illustrated catalogue and bibliography of the prehistoric rock art of the cardinal Libyan Desert
• Rupestreweb.info, Latin American stone art. Manufactures, Zones, News, Rock art researchers directory
• Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Archived 2013-x-25 at the Wayback Car Rock Art Research Centre and World Heritage Archive, situated in Tanum, Sweden.
• Rock Fine art Studies (RAS) – A Bibliographic database at the Bancroft Library containing over 18,000 citations to the world'south rock art literature.
• Rock Art Examples and Image Capture – Examples from the Côa Valley in Portugal and Magdalenian Rock Fine art.
• The Rock Art Foundation – Native American Stone Art in the Lower Pecos region of Southwest Texas
• Beckensall Archive Rock carvings made by Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people in Northumberland in the n east of England, between 6000 and 3500 years agone.
• British Rock Art Drove Over 16.000 photos of more than than 1200 rock art sites in the UK with relevant information and links.
• Broken Rock Gallery and Petroglyph Designs.
• Rupestre.net A stone fine art site, mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art.
• EuroPreArt The database of European Prehistoric Art.
• Rock Art of the Murujuga (Burrup Peninsula) Western Commonwealth of australia
• Rock Art in South Africa
• UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
• Bundelkhand Stone Paintings, India
• SpiralZoom.com, an educational website almost the science of pattern formation, spirals in nature, spirals in the mythic imagination & spiral rock art
• Worldwide Rock Fine art Pick
• Prehistoric Stone Fine art in Iran
• Petroglyphs in Islamic republic of iran (In Persian)
• Sydney Rock Art
• Rock Art in Oregon
• Rock Art Research Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
• Stone Art of the Lower Pecos, Texas Annal of the Moving Image

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art

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